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Litani River ICE Cases
Country: Lebanon
Case study about the Litani river dispute between Lebanon and Isreal.
ICE Case StudiesCase Number: 14Case Mnemonic: LITANICase Name: Litani River and Israel-LebanonCase Author: Angela Joy MossCASE BACKGROUNDENVIRONMENT ASPECTCONFLICT ASPECTENVIRONMENT OVERLAP CONFLICT ASPECTRELATED INFORMATIONI.CASE BACKGROUND1. AbstractIn the Middle East, the supply of water is much less than its demand, therebyresulting in conflict over it. This is true for Israel and Lebanon, wherethere have been struggles, although not always armed, for the waters ofthe Litani River. At this point, Israel occupies southern Lebanon. Partof the Litani is located in this region. There are conflicting reportsand conclusions over whether or not Israel is using the Litani. There isalso a verbal struggle over which country needs the Litani more, couldmake best use of it, and who, therefore, should develop their use of theLitani. Although there is not an armed struggle over it now, it has beeninvolved in armed struggles in the past (in the 1967 war, and in 1982)and it is conceivable that in the future the struggles over it may becomearmed.2. DescriptionThe themes of this section are the environment and the Litani River, conflictover this, and the solution.A. EnvironmentSome 8% of the worlds freshwater supplies are used for [sanitation].We need adequate supplies of water [also] to feed ourselves. Agricultureaccounts for some 63 percent of the worlds use of freshwater.(1) No whereis the need for water more evident than where water is scarce, as in theMiddle East. In fact, there has been an armed conflict over water, in particular,the Litani River, between Lebanon and Israel.The entire basin of the Litani River is located within the borders ofLebanon. The river rises in the central part of the northern Biqaa Valley,a short distance west of Baalbek and flows between the Lebanon mountainto the west and the anti-Lebanon mountains to the east, running south andsouthwestardly at its own pace. The river enters a gorge at Qarun, flowsthrough it about 30 kilometers and, near Nabatiya and the Beaufort Castle,abruptly turns right (to the west), to break through the mountain rangeto the right, and continues to flow through the hilly terrain of the al-Amalregion. North of Tyre, it empties into the Mediterranean.The Litani River flows not far from Israel. The nearest part ofthe Litani to Israel is where the river turns by Nabatiya, four kilometersfrom Israels border. The rivers proximity to Israel may make it evenmore tempting for Israel to exploit. The Litani River is 170 kilometerslong, with a basin of 2,290 square kilometers. A narrow ridge about 5 kilometerswide separates the Litani from the Hasbani River, a tributary of the JordanRiver.The Litani discharges approximately 580 million cubic meters (MCM)per year. (This is based on 25 years of measurements, from 1941-1971.)Its flow varies from year to year. The minimum was in 1970 at 184 MCM andthe maximum in 1954 at 1020 MCM.(2) The estimated average annual flow ofthe Litani is 920 MCM.(3) The Litani is smaller than
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