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Britannica History of Lebanon Phoenicia
Country: Lebanon
Article covering the origins of the people, relations with other ancient civilizations, impact as a colonial and commercial power and eventual decline.
Already a memberLOGINHome|Editorial Board|Newsletters|International|Store|Free TrialBritannica OnlineDictionary amp; ThesaurusContent Related tothis Topic271224This ArticlesTable of ContentsExpand allCollapse allIntroductionThe landReliefDrainageClimatePlant and animal lifeSettlement patternsThe peopleEthnic and linguistic groupsReligious groupsDemographyThe economyResourcesAgricultureIndustryFinanceTradeTrade unionsTransportationGovernment and social conditionsGovernmentThe constitutional frameworkLocal governmentThe political processJusticeArmed forcesEducationHealth and welfareHousingWages and cost of livingSocial and economic divisionCultural lifeThe cultural milieuThe state of the artsThe communications mediaHistoryPhoeniciaOrigins and relations with EgyptPhoenicia as a colonial and commercial powerColoniesCommerceNavigation and seafaringAssyrian and Babylonian domination of PhoeniciaPersian periodGreek and Roman periodsLebanon in the Middle AgesOttoman periodFrench mandateLebanon after independenceThe Khuri regime, 1943 #150;52The Chamoun regime and the 1958 crisisThe Chehab, H eacute;lou, and Franjieh regimes, 1958 #150;76The civil war, 1975 #150;76Beginning of the warFinal phases of the warConsequences of the warThe Israeli invasion of 1982Additional ReadingGeographyHistoryPrint this Table of ContentsLebanonEncyclop aelig;dia Britannica ArticlePage32of52History gt; Phoenicia gt; Origins and relations with EgyptThe Obelisk Temple at Byblos, Lebanon.Ronald SheridanFind complete information about this country by visiting the country page.The evidence of tools found in caves along the coast of what is now Lebanon shows that the area was inhabited from the Paleolithic through the Neolithic Period (Stone Age). Village life followed the domestication of plants and animals (the Neolithic Revolution, after about 10,000 BC), with Byblos (modern Jubayl) apparently taking the lead. At this site also appear the first traces in Lebanon of pottery and metallurgy (first copper, then bronze, an alloy of tin and copper) by the 4th millennium BC. The Phoenicians, indistinguishable from the Canaanites of Palestine, probably arrived in the land that became Phoenicia (a Greek term applied to the coast of Lebanon) about 3000 BC. Herodotus and other Classical writers preserve a tradition that they came from the coast of the Erythraean Sea (i.e., the Persian Gulf), but in fact nothing certain is known of their original homeland.Except at Byblos, no excavations have produced any information concerning the 3rd millennium in Phoenicia before the advent of the Phoenicians. At Byblos the first urban settlement is dated about 3050 #150;2850 BC. Commercial and religious connections with Egypt, probably by sea, are attested from the Egyptian 4th dynasty (c. 2575 #150;c. 2465 BC). The earliest artistic representations of Phoenicians are found at Memphis, in a damaged relief of Pharaoh Sahure of the 5th dynasty (mid-25th to early 24th century BC). This shows the arrival
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